Reproductive organs in seed plants are morphologically divergent and their evolutionary history is often unclear. Molecular control of normal and acrocona mutant seed cone development in Norway spruce (Picea abies) and the evolution of conifer ovule-bearing organs.Ĭarlsbecker, Annelie Sundström, Jens F Englund, Marie Uddenberg, Daniel Izquierdo, Liz Kvarnheden, Anders Vergara-Silva, Francisco Engström, Peter Consequently, we suggest alternative adaptive interpretations for the structure of ovulate cones. Irrespective of the approach or species studied, we found no evidence that turbine-like aerodynamics made a significant contribution to pollen accumulation, which instead occurred primarily by simple impaction. We studied three species: Pinus radiata, Pinus sylvestris, and Cedrus libani. We used computer-aided design and computed tomography to create computational fluid dynamics model cones. We tested the turbine interpretation by quantifying patterns of pollen accumulation on ovulate cones in a wind tunnel and by using simulation models based on computational fluid dynamics. In many pine species (Family Pinaceae), ovulate cones structurally resemble a turbine, which has been widely interpreted as an adaptation for improving pollination by producing complex aerodynamic effects. Henning, Kevin Pennel, Christophe Lahoubi, Mohamed Patrick, Michael A. Consequently, we suggest alternative adaptive interpretations for the structure of ovulate cones.Ĭonifer ovulate cones accumulate pollen principally by simple impactionĬresswell, James E. Conifer ovulate cones accumulate pollen principally by simple impaction.Ĭresswell, James E Henning, Kevin Pennel, Christophe Lahoubi, Mohamed Patrick, Michael A Young, Phillipe G Tabor, Gavin R
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